In the past, most IT equipment power loads did not decrease much even when idle, representing a huge direct waste of IT energy, as well as creating a heat load that required (and wasted) cooling system energy. In 2009 the EPA released the first Energy Star for Servers program, which defined a series of energy usage and efficiency requirements. These requirements focused on increasing overall server energy efficiency, lowering overall power, and especially the power drawn while at idle.
The Energy Star program now also includes storage systems and the large network equipment specification is expected to be finalized in 2016. While not all IT equipment is Energy Star rated, it does represent an energy cost reduction factor to be considered when making a purchasing decision for IT buyers.
This article is the forth in a series on data center cooling taken from the Data Center Frontier Special Report on Data Center Cooling Standards (Getting Ready for Revisions to the ASHRAE Standard)
Fan Power and Noise Levels versus Intake Temperature
While operating temperatures and energy efficiency have been the primary focus of the industry, noise in the data center is a long standing and growing issue. In particular, it is the high-density IT equipment such as high power 1U servers and blade servers that are the primary source of the increased noise due to the higher airflow requirements.
While new IT equipment energy efficiency considerations have minimized the fan speeds at low intake temperatures and CPU loads, the internal thermal management systems will still increase the fan to speed up significantly as Intake temperatures and CPU loads increase. This can significantly increase the amount of power the IT fans use as well as the level of noise.
ASHRAE charts show that for A2 servers increasing intake temperatures from 59°F to 95°F the airflow requirements could increase up to 250%, while creating a similar increase in fan noise. This could result in server power increases of up to 20% (note these are the maximum projections, and are an anonymized composite of vendor data that range from 7-20%, so check with your IT equipment manufacturer for specific performance).
ASHRAE has been aware of the rising noise issues for a many years, and cites that fan laws generally predict that the sound power level of an air-moving device increases with the fifth power of rotational speed. Fan noise, energy, airflow and the related fan affinity laws can be quite complex engineering studies. However, without delving into too many technical calculations, the example provided in the 2012 guidelines postulates that a 3.6°F (2°C) increase in IT intake temperature (to save cooling system energy) would result in an estimated 20% increase in speed (e.g., 3000 to 3600 rpm). This would equate to a 4 dB increase in fan noise and that it would not be unreasonable to expect to see increases in the range of 3 to 5 dB (if temperatures are raised from 68 F to 72F – still within the “recommended” range).
Optimizing Every Component
While the example cited by ASHRAE uses 3600 rpm fans, in many cases, high-density 1U servers (which have 500-1000 watt power supplies), use very small fans which can run at up to 15,000 rpm, in order provide enough airflow at full load and high intake temperatures. They can produce high noise levels (at much higher frequencies), than the larger fans utilized in bigger server chassis and bladeservers, which also creates less noise and use less energy to deliver the necessary airflow.
Lower IT fan speeds improve energy efficiency in several ways (as well as reducing fan noise). In addition to directly lowering the fan energy of the IT server, indirectly it also allows the facility side cooling (CRAC/CRAH) to lower their CFM delivery requirements, thus also lowering facility fan energy.
In order to meet Energy Star for Data Center IT Equipment requirements, every component and energy management system is energy optimized. This allows the system to idle at very low power levels (CPU, memory, etc.), as a result, fans will idle down to minimum speed whenever possible, but will also ramp-up quickly as intake temperature rises. This fan energy management function has now become fairly standard in most new servers and its effect on power consumption and airflow requirements can be seen in the ASHRAE airflow curves for A2 servers.
Source: ASHRAE TC 9.9 whitepaper “Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments – Expanded Data Center – Classes and Usage Guidance”
Next week we will explore the impact of the ASHRAE 90.1 and 90.4 standards. If you prefer you can download the Data Center Frontier Special Report on Data Center Cooling Standards in PDF format from the Data Center Frontier White Paper Library courtesy of Compass Data Centers. Click here for a copy of the report.
Data Center Frontier is edited by Rich Miller, the data center industry’s most experienced journalist. For more than 15 years, Rich has profiled the key role played by data centers in the Internet revolution.
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